| axial block | LUMBAR epidural anesthesia |
| Rudolf Stienstra, M.D, Ph.D Leiden Netherlands |
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1. Dogliotti AM. Eine neue methode der regionären anästhesie: die peridurale segmentäre anästhesie. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 1931; 58:3141-3145. 2. Evron S, Sessler D, Sadan O. Boaz M. Glezerman M, Ezri T. Identification of the epidural space: Loss of resistance with air, lidocaine, or the combination of air and lidocaine. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:245-250. 3. Jaucot J. Paramedian approach of the peridural space in obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1986; 37:187-192. 4. Blomberg RG, Jaanivald A, Walther S. Advantages of the paramedian approach for lumbar epidural analgesia with catheter technique. A clinical comparison between midline and paramedian approaches. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:742-746. 5. Leeda M, Stienstra R, Arbous MS, Dahan A, Veering BTh, Burm AGL, Van Kleef JW. Efficacy and incidence of side-effects of two methods of lumbar epidural catheter insertion : the median versus the paramedian approach. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; in press. 6. Blomberg RG. Technical advantages of the paramedian approach for lumbar epidural puncture and catheter introduction. A study using epiduroscopy in autopsy subjects. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:837-843. |